the Bengal, Madras and Bombay armies. This separation was the natural
result of the original foundation of separate settlements and factories
in India; and each retains to the present day much of its old identity.
_Bengal._--The English traders in Bengal were long restricted by the
native princes to a military establishment of an ensign and 30 men;
and this force may be taken as the germ of the Indian army. In 1681
Bengal received the first reinforcement from Madras, and two years
later a company was sent from Madras, raising the little Bengal army
to a strength of 250 Europeans. In 1695 native soldiers were first
enlisted. In 1701-1702 the garrison of Calcutta consisted of 120
soldiers and seamen gunners. In 1756 occurred the defence of Calcutta
against Suraj-ud-Dowlah, and the terrible tragedy of the Black Hole.
The work of reconquest and punishment was carried out by an expedition
from Madras, and in the little force with which Clive gained the great
victory of Plassey the Bengal army was represented by a few hundred
men only (the British 39th, now Dorsetshire regiment, which was also
present, was the first King's regiment sent to India, and bears the
motto _Primus in Indis_); but from this date the military power of the
Company rapidly increased. A company of artillery had been organized
in 1748; and in 1757, shortly before Plassey, the 1st regiment of
Bengal native infantry was raised. Next, in 1759 the native infantry
was augmented, in 1760 dragoons were raised, and in 1763 the total
forces amounted to 1500 Europeans and 12 battalions of native infantry
(11,500 men). In 1765 the European infantry was divided into 3
regiments, and the whole force was organized in 3 brigades, each
consisting of 1 company of artillery, 1 regiment European infantry, 1
troop of native cavalry, and 7 battalions of sepoys. In 1766, on the
reduction of some money allowances, a number of officers of the Bengal
army agreed to resign their commissions simultaneously. This dangerous
combination was promptly put down by Clive, to whom the Bengal army
may be said to owe its existence.
The constant wars and extensions of dominion of the next thirty years
led to further augmentations; the number of brigades and of European
regiments was increased to 6; and in 1794 the Bengal army numbered
about 3500 Europeans and 24,000 natives.