living.
In the last sentence above substitute one of the following for _every
one_, using the correct form of the verb with each:
each of us; everybody; all of us; several people; both
of the men; neither of the men; neither Mary nor John;
Mary and John; our club; our class; the nation; not
only Europe but America; Europe as well as America;
the nation as well as several of the larger cities
=Exercise 102--Tense=
The tense of the verb indicates the time of the action. There are three
primary tenses, indicating action in the _present_, the _past_, and the
_future_. Each of these tenses has also a _perfect_ tense, which,
represents the action as being perfect or complete in the present, the
past, and the future.
The _present_ tense is the simplest form. It denotes that the action
takes place now; as,
I write We write
You write You write
He writes They write
To be more exact, we may indicate that the action is continuing in the
present time, and then we say,
I am writing We are writing
You are writing You are writing
He is writing They are writing
This is called the _present progressive_ tense.
It may be that you wish to be emphatic, and you say,
I do write We do write
You do write You do write
He does write They do write
This is called the _emphatic present_ tense.
The _past_ tense indicates that the action took place in past time; as,
I wrote We wrote
You wrote You wrote
He wrote They wrote
or, the _past progressive_; as,
I was writing We were writing
You were writing You were writing
He was writing They were writing
or, the _past emphatic_; as,
I did write We did write
You did write You did write
He did write They did write
The emphatic form is used only in the present and the past tenses.
* * * * *
The _future_ tense denotes that the action will take place at some
future time. It is formed by using _shall_ or _will_ with the simplest
form of the verb; as,
I shall write We shall write
You will write You will write
He will write They will write
The progressive form is not common. It is
I shall be writing We shall be writing
You will be writing You will be writing
He will be writing They will be writing
The three perfect tenses are formed by using the verb _have_ with the
perfect participle of the verb.
The _present perfect_ tense denotes that the action is complete at the
present time. It is formed by the present tense of _have_ and the
perfect participle of the verb; as,
I have written We have written
You have written You have written
He has written They have written
The progressive form is,
I have been writing We have been writing
You have been writing You have been writing
He has been writing They have been writing
The _past perfect_ denotes that the action was completed in past time.
It is formed by using the past tense of _have_ and the perfect
participle of the verb; as,
I had written We had written
You had written You had written
He had written They had written
The progressive form is,
I had been writing We had been writing
You had been writing You had been writing
He had been writing They had been writing
The _future perfect_ tense denotes that the action will be completed at
some future time. It is formed by the future of _have_ and the perfect
participle of the verb; as,
I shall have written We shall have written
You will have written You will have written
He will have written They will have written
The progressive form is rarely used. It is
I shall have been writing We shall have been writing
You will have been writing You will have been writing
He will have been writing They will have been writing
Giving all forms singular and plural, first, second, and third persons
of each tense constitutes the _conjugation_ of a verb. Giving one person
in each tense constitutes the _synopsis_ of the conjugation.
The following is a synopsis of all the tenses of the active voice in the
first person singular number of the verb _write_:
ACTIVE VOICE
{ { {I write (simple form)
{ {_Present_ {I am writing (progressive form)
{ { {I do write (emphatic form)
{ {
{_Primary_ { {I wrote (simple)
{ {_Past_ {I was writing (progressive)
{ { {I did write (emphatic)
{ {
{ { {I shall write (simple)
{ {_Future_ {I shall be writing (progressive)
TENSE {
{ { {I have written (simple)
{ {_Present Perfect_{I have been writing (progressive)
{ {
{_Perfect_ { {I had written (simple)
{_or_ {_Past Perfect_ {I had been writing (progressive)
{_Secondary_{
{ {
{ { {I shall have written (simple)
{ {_Future Perfect_ {I shall have been writing
{ { { (progressive)
=Exercise 103=
Conjugate the following in the active voice: