skepticism. Fanaticism at court 143
Chap. XVI--British Freethought in the Eighteenth Century
§ 1. Toland. Blasphemy Law. Strifes among believers. Cudworth.
Bishops Browne and Berkeley. Heresy in the Church. The
Schools of Newton, Leibnitz, and Clarke. Hutchinson.
Halley. Provincial deism. Saunderson. Simson. Literary
orthodoxy. Addison. Steele. Berkeley. Swift. New deism.
Shaftesbury. Trenchard. Unitarianism. Asgill. Coward.
Dodwell. Whiston 147
§ 2. Anthony Collins. Bentley's attack. Mandeville. Woolston.
Middleton. Deism at Oxford. Tindal. Middleton and
Waterland 154
§ 3. Unitarianism: its spread among Presbyterians. Chubb.
Hall. Elwall 159
§ 4. Berkeley's polemic. Lady Mary Montagu. Pope. Deism and
Atheism. Coward. Strutt 162
§ 5. Parvish. Influence of Spinoza 167
§ 6. William Pitt. Morgan. Annet. Dodwell the Younger 169
§ 7. The work achieved by deism. The social situation. Recent
disparagements and German testimony 170
§ 8. Arrest of English science. Hale. Burnet. Whiston.
Woodward. Effects of Imperialism. Contrast with France.
The mathematicians 176
§ 9. Supposed "decay" of deism. Butler. William Law. Hume 179
§ 10. Freethought in Scotland. Execution of Thomas Aikenhead.
Confiscation of innovating books. Legislation against
deism. Anstruther's and Halyburton's polemic. Strife
over creeds. John Johnstone. William Dudgeon. Hutcheson.
Leechman. Forbes. Miller. Kames. Smith. Ferguson.
Church riots 181
§ 11. Freethought in Ireland. Lord Molesworth. Archbishop Synge.
Bishop Clayton 188
§ 12. Situation in England in 1750. Richardson's lament.
Middleton. Deism among the clergy. Sykes. The deistic
evolution 190
§ 13. Materialism. La Mettrie. Shifting of the social centre:
socio-political forces. Gray's avowal. Hume's estimate.
Goldsmith's. The later deism. Bolingbroke 194
§ 14. Diderot's diagnosis. Influence of Voltaire. Chatterton.
Low state of popular culture. Prosecutions of poor
freethinkers. Jacob Ilive. Peter Annet. Later deistic
literature. Unitarianism. Evanson. Tomkyns. Watts.
Lardner. Priestley. Toulmin. D. Williams 198
§ 15. Gibbon. Spread of unbelief. The creed of the younger
Pitt. Fox. Geology. Hutton. Cowper's and Paley's
complaints. Erasmus Darwin. Mary Wollstonecraft 203
§ 16. Burns and Scotland 208
§ 17. Panic and reaction after the French Revolution. New
aristocratic orthodoxy. Thomas Paine. New democratic
freethought 209
Chap. XVII--French Freethought in the Eighteenth Century