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A Short History of Freethought Ancient and Modern, Volume 2 of 2 by J. M. Robertson
15. The Scandinavian States 457

A Short History of Freethought Ancient and Modern, Volume 2 of 2 by J. M. Robertson

15. The Scandinavian States 457

Chapter 49 4 words

Chapter 1: Chapter 1
Chapter 2: 1. Influence of Montaigne and Charron. Gui Patin. Naudé. La
Chapter 3: 4. Vogue of freethinking. Malherbe. Joan Fontanier. Théophile
Chapter 4: 15. Developments in France. The polemic of Abbadie. Persecution
Chapter 5: 16. St. Evremond. Regnard. La Bruyère. Spread of
Chapter 6: 1. Boulainvilliers. Strifes in the Church. Fénelon and Ramsay.
Chapter 7: 11. Progress of tolerance. Marie Huber. Resistance of bigotry.
Chapter 8: 13. New politics. The less famous freethinkers: Burigny;
Chapter 9: 14. N.-A. Boulanger. Dumarsais. Prémontval. Solidity of much
Chapter 10: 18. Freethought in the Académie. Beginnings in classical
Chapter 11: 22. Study of Nature. Fontenelle. Lenglet du Fresnoy. De
Chapter 12: 27. The conventional myth and the facts. Necker. Abbé Grégoire.
Chapter 13: 28. Religious and political forces of revolt. The polemic
Chapter 14: 30. The polemic of Mallet du Pan. Saner views of Barante.
Chapter 15: 33. Napoleon 292
Chapter 16: 1. Moral Decline under Lutheranism. Freethought before the
Chapter 17: 12. English and French influences. The scientific movement.
Chapter 18: 14. Mauvillon. Nicolai. Riem. Schade. Basedow. Eberhard.
Chapter 19: 18. Vogue of deism. Wieland. Cases of Isenbiehl and Steinbuhler.
Chapter 20: 22. Influence of Kant. The sequel. Hamann. Chr. A. Crusius.
Chapter 21: 25. Austria. Jahn. Joseph II. Beethoven 351
Chapter 22: 1. Course of the Reformation. Subsequent wars.
Chapter 23: 5. Upper-class indifference. Gustavus III. Kjellgren and
Chapter 24: 6. Revival of thought in Denmark. Struensee. Mary
Chapter 25: 2. Russia. Nikon. Peter the Great. Kantemir. Catherine 363
Chapter 26: 3. Subsequent scientific thought. General revival of
Chapter 27: 4. Beccaria. Algarotti. Filangieri. Galiani. Genovesi.
Chapter 28: 9. Portugal. Pombal 377
Chapter 29: 6. Palmer. Houston. Deism and Unitarianism 385
Chapter 30: 3. Pietist persecution. Richard Carlile. John Clarke.
Chapter 31: 7. Charles Bradlaugh and Secularism. Imprisonment of
Chapter 32: 8. New literary developments. Lecky. Conway. Winwood
Chapter 33: 9. Freethought in France. Social schemes. Fourier.
Chapter 34: 10. Bigotry in Spain. Popular freethought in Catholic
Chapter 35: 11. Fluctuations in Germany. Persistence of religious
Chapter 36: 15. Clerical rationalism in Protestant countries.
Chapter 37: 17. The United States. Ingersoll. Lincoln. Stephen
Chapter 38: 1. Rationalism in Germany. The Schleiermacher reaction:
Chapter 39: 7. Strauss's second Life of Jesus. His politics. His
Chapter 40: 8. Fluctuating progress of criticism. Important issues
Chapter 41: 10. Falling-off in German candidates for the ministry as in
Chapter 42: 11. Attack and defence in England. The Tractarian reaction.
Chapter 43: 12. New Testament criticism in France. Renan and Havet 439
Chapter 44: 3. Béranger. De Musset. Victor Hugo. Leconte de Lisle. The
Chapter 45: 4. Poetry in England. Shelley. Coleridge. The romantic
Chapter 46: 7. Orthodoxy and conformity. Bain's view of Carlyle,
Chapter 47: 8. The literary influence. Ruskin. Arnold. Intellectual
Chapter 48: 9. English fiction from Miss Edgeworth to the present
Chapter 49: 15. The Scandinavian States 457
Chapter 50: 1. Progress in cosmology. Laplace and modern astronomy.
Chapter 51: 8. Triumph of evolutionism. Spencer. Clifford. Huxley 466
Chapter 52: 1. Eighteenth-century sociology. Salverte. Charles
Chapter 53: 2. Progress in England. Orthodoxy of Hallam. Carlyle.
Chapter 54: 4. Mythology and anthropology. Tylor. Spencer. Avebury.
Chapter 55: 9. Philosophy in Britain. Bentham. James Mill. Grote.
Chapter 56: 12. J. S. Mill 489
Chapter 57: CHAPTER XIII
Chapter 58: 1638. Kepler's indecisive Mysterium Cosmographicum appeared only in
Chapter 59: 1. The Latin letter of Gaspar Schopp (Scioppius), dated February
Chapter 60: 2. There are preserved two extracts from Roman news-letters
Chapter 61: 3. There has been found, by a Catholic investigator, a double entry
Chapter 62: episode is well vouched; and the argument from the silence of
Chapter 63: 1649. As M. Desdouits staked his case on the absence of allusion to
Chapter 64: CHAPTER XIV
Chapter 65: 1662. [376] Under the Commonwealth (1656) James Naylor, the Quaker,
Chapter 66: 1683. Dr. Rust, Discourse on the Use of Reason in ... Religion,
Chapter 67: 1685. Duke of Buckingham, A Short Discourse upon the Reasonableness
Chapter 68: 1691. John Ray, Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of the
Chapter 69: 1695. John Edwards, B.D., Some Thoughts concerning the Several Causes
Chapter 70: 1696. Sir C. Wolseley, The Unreasonableness of Atheism Demonstrated.
Chapter 71: 1696. Dr. Nichols' Conference with a Theist. Pt. I. (Answer to
Chapter 72: 1696. J. Edwards, D.D., A Demonstration of the Evidence and
Chapter 73: 1696. E. Pelling, Discourse ... on the Existence of God. (Pt. II in
Chapter 74: 1697. Stephen Eye, A Discourse concerning Natural and Revealed
Chapter 75: 1697. Bishop Gastrell, The Certainty and Necessity of Religion.
Chapter 76: 1698. Dr. J. Harris, A Refutation of Atheistical Objections. (Boyle
Chapter 77: 1698. Thos. Emes, The Atheist turned Deist, and the Deist turned
Chapter 78: 1699. J. Bradley, An Impartial View of the Truth of Christianity.
Chapter 79: 1700. Bishop Bradford, The Credibility of the Christian Revelation.
Chapter 80: 1702. Dr. Stanhope, The Truth and Excellency of the Christian
Chapter 81: 1705. Ed. Pelling, Discourse concerning the existence of God. Part
Chapter 82: 1705. Dr. Samuel Clarke, A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes
Chapter 83: 1706. Th. Wise, B.D., A Confutation of the Reason and Philosophy of
Chapter 84: 1706. T. Oldfield, Mille Testes; against the Atheists, Deists, and
Chapter 85: 1707. Dr. J. Hancock, Arguments to prove the Being of a God. (Boyle
Chapter 86: CHAPTER XV
Chapter 87: 1. We have seen France, in the first quarter of the seventeenth
Chapter 88: 2. On the other hand, the resort on the part of the Catholics to a
Chapter 89: 3. Between the negative development of the doctrine of Montaigne and
Chapter 90: 4. The general tendency is revealed on the one hand by the series
Chapter 91: 5. Equally freethinking was his brilliant predecessor and early
Chapter 92: 6. Even in the apologetic reasoning of the greatest French prose
Chapter 93: 7. A similar fatality attended the labours of the learned Huet, Bishop
Chapter 94: 8. Meanwhile the philosophy of Descartes, if less strictly propitious
Chapter 95: 9. Yet another philosophic figure of the reign of Louis XIV, the Jesuit
Chapter 96: 10. Yet another new departure was made in the France of Louis XIV
Chapter 97: 11. Such an evolution could not occur in France without affecting the
Chapter 98: 12. As Meyer was one of the most intimate friends of Spinoza, being
Chapter 99: 13. The appearance in 1678 of a Dutch treatise "against all sorts of
Chapter 100: 14. No greater service was rendered in that age to the spread of
Chapter 101: 15. Meantime, Spinoza had reinforced the critical movement in France,
Chapter 102: 16. Of the new Epicureans, the most famous in his day was
Chapter 103: CHAPTER XVI
Chapter 104: 405. It is noteworthy that a volume of controversial sermons
Chapter 105: 1752. The Pillars of Priestcraft and Orthodoxy Shaken. Four vols.
Chapter 106: 1765. W. Dudgeon, Philosophical Works (reprints of those of 1732,
Chapter 107: 1772. E. Evanson, The Doctrines of a Trinity and the
Chapter 108: 1773. ---- Three Discourses (1. Upon the Man after God's own
Chapter 109: 1781. W. Nicholson, The Doubts of the Infidels. (Rep. by R.
Chapter 110: 1782. W. Turner, Answer to Dr. Priestley's Letters to a
Chapter 111: 1785. Dr. G. Hoggart Toulmin, The Antiquity and Duration of the
Chapter 112: 1792. E. Evanson, The Dissonance of the Four Evangelists.
Chapter 113: 1795. Dr. J. A. O'Keefe, On the Progress of the Human
Chapter 114: 1797. John C. Davies, The Scripturian's Creed. Prosecuted and
Chapter 115: 1797. The latter writer states (2nd ed. p. 126) that "infidelity is
Chapter 116: CHAPTER XVII
Chapter 117: 1. The fruits of the intellectual movement of the seventeenth
Chapter 118: 2. At the same time the continuous output of apologetics testified
Chapter 119: 3. There was thus no adaptation on the side of the Church to the forces
Chapter 120: 4. As the new intellectual movement began to find expression, then, it
Chapter 121: 5. A continuous development may be traced throughout the
Chapter 122: 6. One of the most comprehensive freethinking works of the century, the
Chapter 123: 7. Apart from this direct influence, too, others of the cloth bore
Chapter 124: 8. With the ground prepared as we have seen, freethought was bound
Chapter 125: 9. It is thus a complete mistake on the part of Buckle to affirm
Chapter 126: 10. The rest of Voltaire's long life was a sleepless and dexterous
Chapter 127: 11. It is difficult to realize how far the mere demand for
Chapter 128: 12. A new era of propaganda and struggle had visibly begun. In
Chapter 129: 1700. Lettre d'Hypocrate à Damagète, attributed to the Comte de
Chapter 130: 1700. [Claude Gilbert.] Histoire de Calejava, ou de l'isle des hommes
Chapter 131: 1704. [Gueudeville.] Dialogues de M. le Baron de la Houtan et d'un
Chapter 132: 1709. Lettre sur l'enthousiasme (Fr. tr. of Shaftesbury, by Samson).
Chapter 133: 1710. [Tyssot de Patot, Symon.] Voyages et Avantures de Jaques Massé.
Chapter 134: 1710. Essai sur l'usage de la raillerie (Fr. tr. of Shaftesbury, by
Chapter 135: 1712. [Deslandes, A. F. B.] Reflexions sur les grands hommes qui sont
Chapter 136: 1714. Discours sur la liberté de penser [French tr. of Collins's
Chapter 137: 1720. Same work rep. under the double title: De tribus impostoribus:
Chapter 138: 1724. [Lévesque de Burigny.] Histoire de la philosophie payenne. La
Chapter 139: 1730. [Bernard, J.-F.] Dialogues critiques et philosophiques. "Par
Chapter 140: 1731. Réfutation des erreurs de Benoît de Spinoza, par Fénelon, le P.
Chapter 141: 1734. [Voltaire.] Lettres philosophiques. 4 edd. within the year.
Chapter 142: 1734. [Longue, Louis-Pierre de.] Les Princesses Malabares, ou le
Chapter 143: 1737. Marquis D'Argens. La Philosophie du Bon Sens. (Berlin: 8th
Chapter 144: 1738. [Marie Huber.] Lettres sur la religion essentielle à l'homme,
Chapter 145: 1739. ----, Suite to the foregoing, "servant de réponse aux
Chapter 146: 1741. [Deslandes.] Pigmalion, ou la Statue animée. [Condemned to be
Chapter 147: 1741. ----, De la Certitude des connaissances humaines ... traduit de
Chapter 148: 1743. Nouvelles libertés de penser. Amsterdam. [Edited by Dumarsais.
Chapter 149: 1745. [Lieut. De la Serre.] La vraie religion traduite de l'Ecriture
Chapter 150: 1745. [La Mettrie.] Histoire naturelle de l'âme. [Condemned to be
Chapter 151: 1748. [P. Estève.] L'Origine de l'Univers expliquée par un principe
Chapter 152: 1748. [Benoît de Maillet.] Telliamed, ou Entretiens d'un philosophe
Chapter 153: 1751. [Mirabaud, J. B. de.] Le Monde, son origine et son antiquité.
Chapter 154: 1752. [Gouvest, J. H. Maubert de.] Lettres Iroquoises. "Irocopolis,
Chapter 155: 1752. [Génard, F.] L'École de l'homme, ou Parallèle des Portraits du
Chapter 156: 1753. [Baume-Desdossat, Canon of Avignon.] La Christiade. [Book
Chapter 157: 1753. Astruc, Jean. Conjectures sur les mémoires originaux dont il
Chapter 158: 1754. Prémontval, A. I. le Guay de. Le Diogène de d'Alembert, ou
Chapter 159: 1754. Burigny, J. L. Théologie payenne. 2 tom. (New ed. of his
Chapter 160: 1754. Beausobre, L. de (the younger). Pyrrhonisme du Sage. Berlin.
Chapter 161: 1755. Recherches philosophiques sur la liberté de l'homme. Trans. of
Chapter 162: 1755. Analyse raisonnée de Bayle. 4 tom. [By the Abbé de Marsy.
Chapter 163: 1755. [Deleyre.] Analyse de la philosophie de Bacon. (Largely an
Chapter 164: 1757. Prémontval. Vues Philosophiques. (Amsterdam.)
Chapter 165: 1759. Translation of Hume's Natural History of Religion and
Chapter 166: 1761. [N.-A. Boulanger. [1020]] Recherches sur l'origine du
Chapter 167: 1761. Rep. of De la Serre's La vraie religion as Examen de la
Chapter 168: 1761. [D'Holbach.] Le Christianisme dévoilé. [Imprint: "Londres,
Chapter 169: 1762. Rousseau. Émile. [Publicly burned at Paris and at Geneva.
Chapter 170: 1762. Robinet, J. B. De la nature. Vol. i. (Vol. ii in 1764; iii and
Chapter 171: 1764. [Voltaire.] Dictionnaire philosophique portatif. [1021] [First
Chapter 172: 1764. Lettres secrètes de M. de Voltaire. [Holland. Collection of
Chapter 173: 1764. L'Évangile de la Raison. Ouvrage posthume de M. D. M----y. [Ed.
Chapter 174: 1765. Recueil Nécessaire, avec L'Évangile de la Raison, 2 tom.
Chapter 175: 1766. Boulanger, N. A. L'Antiquité dévoilée. [1023] 3 tom. [Recast by
Chapter 176: 1766. Voyage de Robertson aux terres australes. Traduit sur le
Chapter 177: 1766. De Prades. Abrégé de l'histoire ecclésiastique de Fleury.
Chapter 178: 1766. [Burigny.] Examen critique des Apologistes de la religion
Chapter 179: 1766. [Abbé Millot.] Histoire philosophique de l'homme. [Naturalistic
Chapter 180: 1767. Doutes sur la religion (attributed to Gueroult de Pival), suivi
Chapter 181: 1767. Lettre de Thrasybule à Leucippe. [Published under the name of
Chapter 182: 1767. [D'Holbach.] L'Imposture sacerdotale, ou Recueil de pièces sur
Chapter 183: 1767. Reprint of Le Christianisme dévoilé. [Condemned to be burnt,
Chapter 184: 1768. Meister, J. H. De l'origine des principes religieux.
Chapter 185: 1768. Catalogue raisonné des esprits forts, depuis le curé
Chapter 186: 1768. [D'Holbach.] La Contagion sacrée, ou histoire naturelle de
Chapter 187: 1768. ---- Lettres philosophiques sur l'origine des préjugés,
Chapter 188: 1768. ---- Lettres à Eugénie, ou preservatif contre les
Chapter 189: 1768. ---- Théologie Portative. "Par l'abbé Bernier." [Also
Chapter 190: 1768. Traité des trois Imposteurs. (See 1719 and 1720.) Rep.
Chapter 191: 1768. Naigeon, J. A. Le militaire philosophe. [Adaptation of a
Chapter 192: 1768. Examen des prophéties qui servent de fondement à la
Chapter 193: 1768. Robinet. Considérations philosophiques.
Chapter 194: 1769. [Diderot. Also ascribed to Castillon.] Histoire générale
Chapter 195: 1769. [Mirabaud.] Opinions des anciens sur les juifs, and
Chapter 196: 1769. [Isoard-Delisle, otherwise Delisle de Sales.] De la
Chapter 197: 1769. [Seguier de Saint-Brisson.] Traité des Droits de Génie,
Chapter 198: 1770. ---- Examen critique de la vie et des ouvrages de Saint
Chapter 199: 1770. ---- Essai sur les Préjugés. (Not by Dumarsais, whose name
Chapter 200: 1770. Recueil Philosophique. 2 tom. [Edited by Naigeon. Contains
Chapter 201: 1770. Analyse de Bayle. Rep. of the four vols. of De Marsy, with
Chapter 202: 1770. Raynal (with Diderot and others). Histoire philosophique
Chapter 203: 1772. Le Bon Sens. [Adaptation from Meslier by Diderot and
Chapter 204: 1773. Helvétius. De l'Homme. Ouvrage posthume. 2 tom. [Condemned to
Chapter 205: 1774. Abauzit, F. Réflexions impartiales sur les Évangiles, suivies
Chapter 206: 1774. New edition of Theologie Portative. 2 tom. [Condemned to be
Chapter 207: 1775. [Voltaire.] Histoire de Jenni, ou Le Sage et l'Athée. [Attack
Chapter 208: 1777. Examen critique du Nouveau Testament, "par M. Fréret." [Not
Chapter 209: 1779. Vie d'Apollonius de Tyane par Philostrate, avec les
Chapter 210: 1780. Clootz, Anacharsis. La Certitude des preuves du Mahométisme.
Chapter 211: 1780. Second ed. of Raynal's Histoire philosophique, with
Chapter 212: 1784. Pougens, M. C. J. de. Récréations de philosophie et de
Chapter 213: 1788. Pastoret. Moïse considéré comme legislateur et comme
Chapter 214: 1788. Maréchal. Almanach des honnêtes gens. [Author imprisoned;
Chapter 215: 1789. Cerutti (Jesuit Father). Bréviaire Philosophique, ou Histoire
Chapter 216: 1795. La Fable de Christ dévoilée; ou Lettre du muphti de
Chapter 217: 1798. Maréchal. Pensées libres sur les prêtres. A Rome, et se
Chapter 218: 13. It will be noted that after 1770--coincidently, indeed, with a
Chapter 219: 14. One of the most remarkable of the company in some respects is
Chapter 220: 15. Though the bibliographers claim to have traced the authorship in
Chapter 221: 16. Above the scattered band of minor combatants rises a group of
Chapter 222: 17. An interlude in the critical campaign, little noticed at the time,
Chapter 223: 18. In the select Parisian arena of the Académie, the intellectual
Chapter 224: 19. In 1759 there came a check. The Encyclopédie, which had been
Chapter 225: 20. Voltaire could not compass, as he for a time schemed, the election
Chapter 226: 21. Alongside of the more strictly literary or humanist movement,
Chapter 227: 22. A more general influence, naturally, attached to the
Chapter 228: 23. But science, like theology, had its schisms, and the rationalizing
Chapter 229: 24. Over all of these men, and even in some measure over Voltaire,
Chapter 230: 25. With Diderot were specially associated, in different ways,
Chapter 231: 26. The death of d'Holbach (1789) brings us to the French
Chapter 232: 27. No part of the history of freethought has been more distorted
Chapter 233: 28. The anti-atheistic and anti-philosophic legend was born of the
Chapter 234: 29. If any careful attempt be made to analyse the situation, the
Chapter 235: 30. A survey of the work and attitude of the leading French
Chapter 236: 31. While the true causation of the Revolution is thus kept clear,
Chapter 237: 32. Among many other illustrations of the passion for persecution in
Chapter 238: 33. This section would not be complete even in outline without some
Chapter 239: CHAPTER XVIII
Chapter 240: 1. When two generations of Protestant strife had turned to naught the
Chapter 241: 2. While, however, clerical action could drive such a movement under
Chapter 242: 1662. Th. Gegenbauer. Preservatio wider die Pest der heutigen
Chapter 243: 1668. J. Musæus. Examen Cherburianismi. Contra E. Herbertum de
Chapter 244: 1668. Anton Reiser. De origine, progressu, et incremento Antitheismi
Chapter 245: 1677. Val. Greissing. Corona Transylvani; Exerc. 2, de Atheismo,
Chapter 246: 1689. Th. Undereyck. Der Närrische Atheist in seiner Thorheit
Chapter 247: 1697. A. H. Grosse. An Atheismus necessario ducat ad corruptionem
Chapter 248: 1708. Loescher. Prænotiones Theologicæ contra Naturalistarum et
Chapter 249: 1708. Rechenberg. Fundamenta veræ religionis Prudentum, adversus
Chapter 250: 1710. J. C. Wolfius. Dissertatio de Atheismi falso suspectis.
Chapter 251: 1713. Anon. Widerlegung der Atheisten, Deisten, und neuen Zweifeler.
Chapter 252: 3. For a community in which the reading class was mainly clerical and
Chapter 253: 4. Other culture-conditions concurred to set up a spirit of rationalism
Chapter 254: 5. After the collapse of the popular movement of Matthias Knutzen,
Chapter 255: 6. A personality of a very different kind emerges in the same period
Chapter 256: 7. Among the pupils of Thomasius at Halle was Theodore Louis Lau,
Chapter 257: 8. While Thomasius was still at work, a new force arose of a more
Chapter 258: 9. Even before the generation of active pressure from English and
Chapter 259: 10. To the same period belong the first activities of Johann Christian
Chapter 260: 11. Even from decorous and official exponents of religion, however,
Chapter 261: 12. Alongside of home-made heresy there had come into play a new
Chapter 262: 13. Frederick, though reputed a Voltairean freethinker par excellence,
Chapter 263: 14. The social vogue of deistic thought could now be traced in much of
Chapter 264: 15. If it be true that even the rationalizing defenders of Christianity
Chapter 265: 16. Much more notorious than any other German deist of his time was
Chapter 266: 17. Alongside of these propagators of popular rationalism stood
Chapter 267: 18. Deism was now as prevalent in educated Germany as in France or
Chapter 268: 19. Meanwhile, the drift of the age of Aufklärung was apparent in
Chapter 269: 20. No less certain is the unbelief of Schiller (1759-1805), whom
Chapter 270: 21. The critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) may be said
Chapter 271: 22. The total performance of Kant thus left Germany with a powerful
Chapter 272: 23. Some philosophic opposition there was to Kant, alike on
Chapter 273: 24. It is true that the progressive work was not all done by the
Chapter 274: 25. The emancipation, too, was limited in area in the German-speaking
Chapter 275: CHAPTER XIX
Chapter 276: 1. Traces of new rationalistic life are to be seen in the Scandinavian
Chapter 277: 2. For long, the only personality making powerfully for culture was
Chapter 278: 3. In Sweden, meantime, there had occurred some reflex of the
Chapter 279: 4. That there was, however, in eighteenth-century Sweden a considerable
Chapter 280: 5. According to one of Swedenborg's biographers, the worldliness of
Chapter 281: 6. In Denmark, on the other hand, the stagnation of nearly a hundred
Chapter 282: 1. In Poland, where, as we saw, Unitarian heresy had spread
Chapter 283: 2. In Russia the possibilities of modern freethought emerge only in
Chapter 284: 1. Returning to Italy, no longer the leader of European thought, but
Chapter 285: 2. First came the great work of Vico, the Principles of a New Science
Chapter 286: 3. It is noteworthy, indeed, that the "New Science," as Vico boasted,
Chapter 287: 1763. Thenceforth for many years there raged, "under the eyes of Pope
Chapter 288: 4. Between 1737 and 1798 may be counted twenty-eight Italian writers
Chapter 289: 1. For the rest of Europe during the eighteenth century, we have
Chapter 290: 2. Still all freethinking in Spain ran immense risks, even under
Chapter 291: 3. Another grandee, Don Christophe Ximenez de Gongora, Duke of
Chapter 292: 4. In another case, a freethinking priest skilfully anticipated
Chapter 293: 5. Out of a long series of other men of letters persecuted by the
Chapter 294: 6. Another savant of the same period, Don Joseph de Clavijo y Faxardo,
Chapter 295: 7. Still in the same reign, the Jesuit Francisco de Ista, author of an
Chapter 296: 8. It is plain that the combined power of the Church, the orders,
Chapter 297: 9. Portugal in the same period, despite the anti-clerical policy
Chapter 298: CHAPTER XX
Chapter 299: 1. Perhaps the most signal of all the proofs of the change wrought
Chapter 300: 2. The rise of rationalism in the colonies must be traced in the main
Chapter 301: 3. Similarly prudent was Jefferson, who, like Franklin and Paine,
Chapter 302: 4. Nothing in American culture-history more clearly proves the last
Chapter 303: 5. Its immediate effect was much greater in Britain, where his Rights
Chapter 304: 6. The habit of reticence or dissimulation among American public men
Chapter 305: CHAPTER XXI
Chapter 306: 1. In Great Britain and America, the new movements of popular
Chapter 307: 2. In France and elsewhere, the reverberation of the attack
Chapter 308: 3. German "rationalism," proceeding from English deism, moving
Chapter 309: 4. The literary compromise of Lessing, claiming for all religions
Chapter 310: 5. In England, the neo-Christianity of the school of Coleridge,
Chapter 311: 6. The utilitarianism of the school of Bentham, carried into
Chapter 312: 7. Comtism, making little direct impression on the "constructive"
Chapter 313: 8. German philosophy, Kantian and post-Kantian, in particular
Chapter 314: 9. German atheism and scientific "materialism"--represented
Chapter 315: 10. Revived English deism, involving destructive criticism
Chapter 316: 12. Colenso's preliminary attack on the narrative of the
Chapter 317: 13. The later or scientific "higher criticism" of the Old
Chapter 318: 14. New historical criticism of Christian origins, in particular
Chapter 319: 15. Exhibition of rationalism within the churches, as in Germany,
Chapter 320: 16. Association of rationalistic doctrine with the Socialist
Chapter 321: 17. Communication of doubt and moral questioning through poetry and
Chapter 322: 4. The comprehension of all science in the Evolution Theory,
Chapter 323: 7. Sociology, as outlined by Comte, Buckle, Spencer, Winwood Reade,
Chapter 324: 8. Comparative Hierology; the methodical application of principles
Chapter 325: 9. Above all, the later development of Anthropology (in the wide
Chapter 326: 1. Penal laws, still operative in Britain and Germany against
Chapter 327: 2. Class interests, involving in the first half of the century
Chapter 328: 3. Commercial pressure thus set up, and always involved in the
Chapter 329: 4. In England, identification of orthodox Dissent with political
Chapter 330: 5. Concessions by the clergy, especially in England and the United
Chapter 331: 6. Above all, the production of new masses of popular ignorance
Chapter 332: 7. On this basis, business-like and in large part secular-minded
Chapter 333: 1. If any one circumstance more than another differentiates the life
Chapter 334: 2. Meantime, new writers arose to carry into fuller detail the attacks
Chapter 335: 3. As the years went on, the persecution in England grew still fiercer;
Chapter 336: 4. In this evolution political activities played an important
Chapter 337: 5. Holyoake had been a missionary and martyr in the movement
Chapter 338: 6. This date broadly coincides with the maximum domination of
Chapter 339: 7. In 1858 there was elected to the presidency of the London Secular
Chapter 340: 8. The special energy of the English secularist movement in the ninth
Chapter 341: 9. In the first half of the century popular forms of freethought
Chapter 342: 10. In other Catholic countries the course of popular culture in
Chapter 343: 11. In Germany, as we have seen, the relative selectness of culture,
Chapter 344: 12. Under the widely-different political conditions in Russia and
Chapter 345: 13. "Free-religious" societies, such as have been noted in Germany,
Chapter 346: 14. Alongside of the lines of movement before sketched, there has
Chapter 347: 15. A partly similar evolution has taken place among the Protestant
Chapter 348: 16. The history of popular freethought in Sweden yields a good
Chapter 349: 17. Only in the United States has the public lecture platform been
Chapter 350: 1. At the beginning of the century, educated men in general
Chapter 351: 2. Gradually that had developed a greater precision of method,
Chapter 352: 3. No less remarkable was the check to the few attempts which had
Chapter 353: 4. But as regards the gospel history in general, the first Leben
Chapter 354: 5. For a time there was undoubtedly "reaction," engineered with the
Chapter 355: 6. Another expert of Baur's school, Albrecht Schwegler, author of
Chapter 356: 7. In 1864, after an abstention of twenty years from discussion of
Chapter 357: 1870. In what is now recognized as the national manner, he wrote two
Chapter 358: 8. And it was long before even Strauss's early method of scientific
Chapter 359: 9. In New Testament criticism, though the strict critical method of
Chapter 360: 10. The movement of Biblical and other criticism in Germany has had
Chapter 361: 11. On a less extensive scale than in Germany, critical study of the
Chapter 362: 12. In France systematic criticism of the sacred books recommenced
Chapter 363: 1. The whole imaginative literature of Europe, in the generation
Chapter 364: 2. The literary history of France since his death decides the question,
Chapter 365: 3. In French poetry the case is hardly otherwise. Béranger, who
Chapter 366: 4. In England it was due above all to Shelley that the very age of
Chapter 367: 5. One of the best-beloved names in English literature, Charles Lamb,
Chapter 368: 6. While a semi-Bohemian like Lamb could thus dare to challenge the
Chapter 369: 7. This attitude of orthodoxy, threatening ostracism to any avowed
Chapter 370: 8. Thus for a whole generation honest and narrow-minded believers were
Chapter 371: 9. In English fiction, the beginning of the end of genuine faith
Chapter 372: 10. Among the most artistically gifted of the English story-writers and
Chapter 373: 11. Though Shelley was anathema to English Christians in his own
Chapter 374: 12. Of the imaginative literature of the United States, as of that of
Chapter 375: 13. Of the vast modern output of belles lettres in continental Europe,
Chapter 376: 1850. "If I could only go out on crutches!" he exclaimed; adding:
Chapter 377: 14. But perhaps the most considerable evidence, in belles lettres,
Chapter 378: 15. In the Scandinavian States, again, there are hardly any
Chapter 379: 1. The power of intellectual habit and tradition had preserved
Chapter 380: 2. From France came likewise the impulse to a naturalistic handling
Chapter 381: 3. In England the influence of the French stimulus in physiology
Chapter 382: 4. A more general effect, however, was probably wrought by the science
Chapter 383: 5. Still more rousing, finally, was the effect of the science of
Chapter 384: 6. Other anticipations of Darwin's doctrine in England and elsewhere
Chapter 385: 7. "Contempt and abhorrence" had in fact at all times constituted
Chapter 386: 8. Thus the idea of a specific creation of all forms of life by an
Chapter 387: 1. A rationalistic treatment of human history had been explicit or
Chapter 388: 2. In England the anti-revolution reaction was visible in this as
Chapter 389: 3. All study of economics and of political history fostered such
Chapter 390: 4. Two lines of scientific study, it would appear, must be thoroughly
Chapter 391: 1. The philosophy of Kant, while giving the theological class a new
Chapter 392: 2. In respect of his formal championship of Christianity Hegel's
Chapter 393: 3. From the collisions of philosophic systems in Germany there
Chapter 394: 4. Arnold Ruge (1802-1880), who was of the same philosophical school,
Chapter 395: 5. On Feuerbach's Essence of Religion followed the resounding explosion
Chapter 396: 6. In France the course of thought had been hardly less
Chapter 397: 7. On retrospect, the whole official French philosophy of the period,
Chapter 398: 8. The most energetic and characteristic philosophy produced in the new
Chapter 399: 9. In Britain, where abstract philosophy after Berkeley had been mainly
Chapter 400: 10. When English metaphysical philosophy revived with Sir William
Chapter 401: 11. The effect of the ethical pressure of the deistic attack on
Chapter 402: 12. A powerful and wholesome stimulus was given to English thought
Chapter 403: 1598. Chapman spells the name Harriots.
Chapter 404: 1587. Reprinted in 1592, 1604, and 1617.
Chapter 405: 128. Cp. Bayle, art. Vorstius, Note N. By his theological opponents and
Chapter 406: 1573. Ritter, Geschichte der deutschen Union, i, 19. Cp. Menzel,
Chapter 407: 1646. (Gangræna, p. 151.) The Hanserd Knollys collection, above
Chapter 408: 1614. Epist. Ded.
Chapter 409: 1705. (Pref. to pt. i, ed. 1725.)
Chapter 410: 1876. See citations in Land's note to his lecture in Spinoza: Four
Chapter 411: 1663. From the withholding of court favour it proceeded to subsidies
Chapter 412: 169. Most of the Guardian papers cited are by Berkeley. They are
Chapter 413: 1903. pp. 36-37.
Chapter 414: 1750. Forbes in his youth had been famed as one of the hardest drinkers
Chapter 415: Introduction to the History of the Jews; a Vindication of Biblical
Chapter 416: 1764. It was no fewer than four times ordered to be destroyed in the
Chapter 417: 19. Jahrhunderts, 2te Aufl. 1848, i, 218-20.
Chapter 418: 1768. Tn the latter entry, Yvon is described as "poursuivi comme
Chapter 419: 193. Mrs. Dunlop, the friend of Burns, recommending its perusal to
Chapter 420: 1841. Many of the utterances here set forth are irreconcilable with
Chapter 421: 282. The Concordat was bitterly resented by the freethinkers in the
Chapter 422: 1686. Other German and French periodicals soon followed that of
Chapter 423: 24. "Before Thomasius," writes Bielfeld, "an old woman could not have
Chapter 424: 1785. The Letters purport to be written by one of the Moroccan embassy
Chapter 425: 1684. After a youth of poverty and struggle he settled at Copenhagen in
Chapter 426: 139. Cp. Rambaud, Hist. de Russie, 2e édit. pp. 249, 259,
Chapter 427: 32. Ripley, who was one of the American transcendentalist group and

Section 4.--The Natural Sciences

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